It was the last of five major aircraft carrier engagements between the naval forces of US and Japan. The battle took place during the United States’ amphibious invasion of the Mariana Islands during the Pacific War. The Battle of the Philippine Sea (19-20 June 1944), a critical naval battle of World War II between the US Navy and Imperial Japanese Navy, prevented the Japanese Navy from conducting large-scale carrier actions. The US aircraft carrier task force destroyed four Japanese fleet carriers, a heavy cruiser, approximately 250 aircraft and about 3,000 men, at a cost of one aircraft carrier, one destroyer, about 150 aircraft and over 300 men. Pacific Fleet commander, Admiral Chester W. Japan’s intention was to establish an air base at the islands, but Japanese codes were decrypted by superior American communications intelligence well in advance, and an ambush was set up by the U.S. Japanese Combined Fleet commander, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto planned to occupy Midway in order to lure out the US Pacific Fleet’s aircraft carriers based at Pearl Harbor and destroy them.
The battle ended the superiority of Japanese Navy over the US Navy allowing the US and its allies to take a offensive position. The Battle of Midway (4-7 June 1942), fought between the Imperial Japanese Navy and the US Navy over the US mid-Pacific base at Midway atoll, is considered one of the most decisive and important naval battles of World War II.
German authorities claimed a victory for their High Seas Fleet, but never again seriously contended British forces in the North Sea. The German navy lost 11 vessels and over 2,500 sailors, while the British naval force suffered heavy losses including three battle cruisers, three armoured cruisers, eight destroyers and over 6,000 men. The German navy however faced down both British forces, after code-breakers decrypted the German naval signals. Scheer planned to destroy Beatty’s force before Jellicoe’s arrival as German naval forces were insufficient to encounter the entire British fleet together. The commander of the German High Seas Fleet, Vice Admiral Reinhard Scheer, intended to attack British merchant shipping in North Sea, expecting to lure out Admiral Beatty’s Battlecruiser Force of Grand Fleet as Admiral Jellicoe’s Grand Fleet anchored far away at Scapa Flow. It was the only major encounter between the ‘dreadnought’ battleships of British and German fleets in World War I. The Battle of Jutland, also referred to as the Battle of the Skagerrak by the Germans, involved the engagement of about 100,000 men and 250 vessels over the course of three days from the 31st of May 1916, when a British naval force confronted a squadron of German ships in the North Sea near Jutland, Denmark.
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